The particulate nature of matter

Use G2 Science Chemistry particle models to explain changes of state, read atomic and isotope notation, and count electrons in ions.

Before you begin

Use G2 Science Chemistry particle models to explain changes of state, read atomic and isotope notation, and count electrons in ions.

Learning goals

Describe solids, liquids and gases and explain changes of state using the kinetic particle theory and energy changes
State the relative charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons
Describe and draw an atom as a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons in shells
Define proton number (atomic number) and nucleon number (mass number)
Read and write nuclide notation such as ¹²₆C
Define isotopes
Work out the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions from proton and nucleon numbers

Syllabus statements covered

describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved.
state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron
describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an atom as consisting of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels) (knowledge of s, p, d and f classification is not required; a copy of the Periodic Table will be available in the examination)
define proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number
interpret and use nuclide notations such as ¹²₆C
define the term isotopes
deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions given proton and nucleon numbers.

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