Chemical bonding written questions
Practise H1 Chemistry bonding, shapes and intermolecular-force reasoning, using marking guidance to review written explanations.
Learning goals
- Describe the ionic bond as the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
- Describe the covalent bond as the electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the positive nuclei
- Describe the metallic bond as the electrostatic attraction between a lattice of positive ions and delocalised electrons
- Describe ionic bonding in sodium chloride and magnesium oxide, using dot-and-cross diagrams
- Describe covalent bonding in H₂, O₂, N₂, Cl₂, HCl, CO₂, CH₄ and C₂H₄, using dot-and-cross diagrams
- Describe dative covalent bonding in the ammonium ion and Al₂Cl₆, using dot-and-cross diagrams
- Describe covalent bonding as overlap of s and p orbitals, forming σ and π bonds
- Use VSEPR theory to explain the shapes and bond angles of BF₃, CO₂, CH₄, NH₃, H₂O and SF₆
- Predict the shapes and bond angles of molecules similar to BF₃, CO₂, CH₄, NH₃, H₂O and SF₆
- Explain and deduce bond polarity from electronegativity
- Deduce whether a molecule is polar from its bond polarities and shape
- Describe intermolecular forces from permanent and induced dipoles, as in CHCl₃, Br₂ and the noble gases
- Describe hydrogen bonding, using ammonia and water as examples of molecules with –NH and –OH groups
- Outline how intermolecular forces allow gases to liquefy at high pressure or low temperature
- Outline how hydrogen bonding affects physical properties, including those of ice and water
- Explain bond energy and bond length for covalent bonds
- Compare how reactive covalent bonds are using bond energy, bond length and bond polarity
- Describe the ionic lattice of sodium chloride and magnesium oxide
- Describe the simple molecular lattice of iodine
- Describe the giant molecular lattices of graphite and diamond
- Describe the hydrogen-bonded lattice of ice
- Describe the metallic lattice of copper
- Describe, interpret and predict how structure and bonding affect a substance's physical properties
- Suggest the structure and bonding in a substance from given information
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