The particulate nature of matter
Explain G3 Science Chemistry states of matter using particles, interpret atomic and isotope notation, and use electron counting to determine ion charge.
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Before you begin
Explain G3 Science Chemistry states of matter using particles, interpret atomic and isotope notation, and use electron counting to determine ion charge.
Learning goals
- Describe solids, liquids and gases and explain changes of state using the kinetic particle theory and energy changes
- State the relative charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons and electrons
- Describe and draw an atom as a nucleus of protons and neutrons with electrons in shells
- Define proton number (atomic number) and nucleon number (mass number)
- Read and write nuclide notation such as ¹²₆C
- Define isotopes
- Work out the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions from proton and nucleon numbers
Syllabus statements covered
- describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved.
- state the relative charges and approximate relative masses of a proton, a neutron and an electron
- describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of an atom as consisting of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus and electrons arranged in shells (energy levels) (knowledge of s, p, d and f classification is not required; a copy of the Periodic Table will be available in the examination)
- define proton (atomic) number and nucleon (mass) number
- interpret and use nuclide notations such as ¹²₆C
- define the term isotopes
- deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms and ions given proton and nucleon numbers.
Lessons
Work through them in order.
- Particle model, states and changes of stateExplain states of matter and changes of state using particle arrangement, motion and energy.
- Atomic structure, nuclide notation and isotopesRead nuclide notation to count protons, neutrons and electrons, and identify isotopes.
- Ions and electron countingWork out an ion's charge from the electrons an atom loses or gains.
Practise and check
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